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Handheld medical equipment power supply system solution analysis
As the application of medical devices expands beyond traditional hospital settings into emergency care and home healthcare environments, their mobility becomes increasingly dependent on a range of factors. In hospitals, many medical devices rely on battery power to support patient movement between different wards, ensuring continuous care. Additionally, as the generation born during the peak of the baby boom ages, there is a growing demand for portable versions of traditionally fixed medical equipment that can assist elderly patients in maintaining their independence. These include diagnostic tools such as fiber optic vibrators, ultrasound machines, and blood analyzers, as well as patient-focused devices like insulin pumps, left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), and wireless vital sign monitors.
In addition, certain surgical instruments are typically limited in their usage due to power constraints. However, by using battery-powered systems, these devices gain greater flexibility, allowing surgeons to operate more efficiently. For example, electric orthopedic tools and endoscopes powered by batteries offer enhanced mobility and convenience during procedures.
Traditional battery packs consist of energy-providing cells combined with integrated boards that feature fuel gauges, protection circuits, temperature sensors, LED indicators for status display, and serial communication interfaces. The external casing is usually made of plastic, providing an electrical connection point to the main device while also offering mechanical protection against shocks and insulation for internal components.
**Overview of Use**
Designing a safe and reliable medical system begins with a thorough understanding of the device's usage model. This includes factors such as operating temperature ranges, discharge characteristics, charging methods, shelf life, and data transmission requirements. Both internal and external temperatures play a critical role in selecting the most suitable battery for mobile applications.
While manufacturers often test battery performance under ideal conditions—such as a constant current discharge at 20°C—many medical devices must function across a much wider temperature range, from -20°C to +60°C. Heat generated during charge and discharge cycles must be carefully managed, especially when the battery is housed alongside temperature-sensitive components. This necessitates careful thermal design in both the battery pack and the device enclosure.
Irregular discharge patterns, such as those seen in defibrillators, can lead to increased heat generation, which may accelerate capacity loss. Therefore, the charging method not only affects battery performance but also influences how heat is dissipated, making it an essential consideration in system design.
**Optimal Chemical Properties**
Selecting the right battery for a medical device is crucial for ensuring proper functionality. This requires a deep understanding of the battery’s performance characteristics, including voltage, charge/discharge cycles, load current, energy density, charge time, and discharge rate. Below are some commonly used battery types:
The first is the sealed lead-acid (SLA) battery. It offers a 2V nominal voltage, comes in prismatic or cylindrical forms, and provides high capacity at a low cost. However, SLA batteries are bulky, have a linear voltage drop, lack fast-charging capabilities, and are sensitive to high temperatures and self-discharge, which can affect long-term storage.
Next, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries provide a 1.25V nominal voltage, with around 500 charge/discharge cycles, an average energy density of 100Wh/kg, and a charge time of less than four hours. They are suitable for low-voltage or cost-sensitive applications, and ten NiMH cells can be connected in series to achieve a total voltage of 12.5V.
Lithium-ion batteries, on the other hand, offer a higher nominal voltage of 3.6V, with 500–1000 charge/discharge cycles, an energy density of 160Wh/kg, and a relatively low monthly self-discharge rate of about 10%. Seven lithium-ion cells in series can reach a total voltage of 25.2V, making them ideal for high-performance applications.
**Battery Pack Intelligence**
With the increasing trend toward handheld and outdoor medical devices, lithium-ion batteries are becoming the preferred choice due to their high energy density, lightweight, longer operational life, and better performance across a wide temperature range. Compared to NiMH and SLA batteries, they require fewer units to achieve the same power output.
Modern battery packs are equipped with advanced features such as fuel gauges, protection circuits, temperature sensors, and serial communication buses, enabling intelligent operation. These smart battery packs can adjust their performance based on user discharge profiles, maximizing efficiency. Their ability to monitor status, predict remaining runtime, and communicate with the device ensures users can manage their equipment effectively and avoid unexpected failures.
Moreover, smart battery packs can provide historical usage data, aiding in traceability and warranty management. This level of intelligence enhances reliability and supports long-term device performance.
**Security**
Medical battery packs must incorporate multiple safety systems and robust protection circuits. An active safety circuit is essential to maintain chemical stability and prevent potential hazards. These circuits protect against overcharging, overdischarging, short circuits, and extreme temperatures, keeping the battery within a safe operating voltage range.
Temperature sensors within the safety circuit can trigger a shutdown if the battery reaches a critical temperature, preventing overheating and thermal runaway. In multi-cell battery packs, an active balancing circuit is recommended to ensure even charge distribution and reduce the risk of overheating, further enhancing safety and longevity.