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UAV research report (11) Detailed explanation of Iranian drones
**Part III: Drone Research Report**
**(Eleven)**
**Development of Drones in Countries Around the World**
**Detailed Explanation of Iranian Drones**
In February 2010, the official Iranian news agency reported that two types of drones had just entered production. These were the reconnaissance drone "Nazir" and the attack drone "Ra'ad." The report also mentioned that Iran tested a radar-evasive unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in June 2009. The test model was a one-seventh scale prototype, with a full-scale version expected to follow soon. In March 2009, Iran announced the start of large-scale drone production, which would eventually include various types of UAVs, including unmanned helicopters.
According to the Iranian UAS Yearbook published in 2009, a research and development team from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) demonstrated the use of drones to the commander of Pasdaran in 1984. It is believed that after the Battle of Yamaguchi, the Iranian military became increasingly interested in real-time battlefield surveillance. This interest likely stemmed from the aging conventional aerial reconnaissance platforms and the deteriorating battlefield environment. However, the input from IRGC members may not be entirely reliable, as the current Iranian government appears to rely more on its military organization than on the regular army.
Iran first used drones in July 1984. According to the Yearbook, these early drones provided valuable battlefield imagery and real-time intelligence. At the time, they were essentially radio-controlled aircraft equipped with a German-made Hasselblad camera with a 135 mm lens. They flew at a height of about 50 meters over Iraqi positions. When the Iranian commander saw the detailed images of the Iraqi fortifications, he canceled a planned operation that could have led to heavy losses. Later, Iran used high-flying drones for vertical or oblique reconnaissance, aiding operations such as those in March 1985, February 1986, and January 1987. Some drones were also modified to carry rockets and were used in combat, such as the "Mohajer-1," which could launch six RPGs.
After the IRGC developed the first batch of wartime drones, the project was transferred to the Qods company, a subsidiary of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard. The company's first drone, "Talash-1," was used successfully during the Iran-Iraq War. Another model, "Endeavour-2" (also known as "Hadaf 3000"), served as an unmanned target.
Shengcheng Aviation Industry's Migratory Bird-2 drone is an upgraded version of the earlier Migratory UAV. It has a speed of 200 km/h and a mission radius of 69 km. The drone features a double-tailed push-back fuselage design and a new rotatable camera. It debuted in 2005 and significantly improved upon its predecessors.
The Migratory Bird-3, also called "Dorna," is an all-weather surveillance drone similar to Israel’s Pioneer, with a mission radius of 100 km. The Migratory Bird-4, or "Hodhod," is a two-tailed reconnaissance drone with a flight duration of 5–7 hours and a mission radius of 150 km. It uses a 38-horsepower engine and can carry up to 175 kg.
Qods Company also produces the "Ababil" series of UAVs. The "Ababi T" is an attack drone that carries a 45 kg warhead and uses a unique two-tailed structure. It can fly up to 180 km from the control station and uses GPS/inertial guidance. The "Ababi S" and "Ababi II" models are used for surveillance and have a maximum takeoff weight of 83 kg.
The "Ababi T" was later used by Hezbollah in Lebanon under the name "Mirsad-1." In 2004, an "Ababi" drone landed on the Israeli Mediterranean coast, and another penetrated Israeli airspace in 2005. These incidents highlighted the growing capabilities of Iranian UAVs.
In 2009, Iran began developing jet-powered "Ababi" drones, such as "Ababi-Jet" or "Hadaf-1," which can reach speeds of 700 km/h. The company also introduced small hand-held drones like "Ababi A," "B," and "C," with electric power and short endurance.
Faraz Asia Technologies offers the "Fraraz-2," a handheld drone that can be carried in a backpack. It has a 30-minute battery life and a video transmission range of 10 km.
In 2009, Iran announced plans to develop a long-range UAV with a 1,000 km range, marking a significant step in its drone technology. Additionally, the IRGC claimed to have captured intact US and British drones for reverse engineering, including the RQ-7 "Shadow" and the Hermes 450.
Despite showcasing many drones, most remain prototypes rather than fully operational systems. In 2007, Iran agreed to supply "Ababi" and "Migratory Bird-4" drones to Venezuela, potentially allowing local production.
Source: "Weapons and Equipment Research Selected" – International Defense Science and Technology Series (2015, No. 5, No. 15), compiled by the Management Research Center of China Electronics Science Research Institute.