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UAV research report (11) Detailed explanation of Iranian drones
**Part III: Drone Research Report**
**(Eleven) Development of Drones in Countries Around the World and a Detailed Look at Iranian Drones**
In February 2010, the official Iranian news agency reported that two types of drones had just entered production. These were the reconnaissance model "Nazir" and the attack model "Ra'ad." The report also mentioned that Iran conducted radar-evasion tests on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in June 2009. The tested drone was a one-seventh scale model, with plans to develop a full-scale version soon. In March 2009, Iran announced the start of construction for a large-scale UAV production facility. Once completed, this plant would produce various types of drones, including unmanned helicopters.
According to the Iranian UAS Yearbook from 2009, a research team from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) demonstrated the use of drones to the commander of Pasdaran in 1984. This came after the Battle of Yamaguchi, where the Iranian military began to prioritize real-time battlefield surveillance. It is believed that one major driver behind Iran’s drone development was the aging conventional aerial reconnaissance platforms and the deteriorating battlefield environment. However, the input from IRGC members may not always be fully reliable, as the current Iranian government relies more on its military organizations than on the regular army.
Iran first used drones in July 1984. According to the Yearbook, these early drones provided valuable battlefield imagery and real-time intelligence. At the time, they were simple radio-controlled aircraft equipped with a German-made Hasselblad camera mounted over Iraqi positions at an altitude of 50 meters. When the Iranian commander saw the detailed image of the enemy's fortress, he canceled a planned operation that could have led to heavy losses. Later, Iran used high-flying drones for vertical or oblique reconnaissance, aiding operations such as those in March 1985, February 1986, and January 1987. They even modified some drones to carry rockets, like the "Mohajer-1," which could launch six RPGs. These aircraft featured a double-tailed design and had an operational range of about 30 kilometers.
After the IRGC developed the first batch of wartime drones, the project was transferred to the Qods company, part of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard. Their first drone, "Talash-1," was used successfully during the Iran-Iraq War. Another model, "Endeavour-2" (also known as "Hadaf 3000"), served as an unmanned target.
Shengcheng Aviation Industry's Migratory Bird-2 is an upgraded version of earlier models, with improved speed (180 km/h) and mission radius (50 km). Its performance includes a wingspan of 3.40 meters, a fuselage length of 2.91 meters, a maximum takeoff weight of 85 kg, and a cruising time of 1.5 hours. It features a double-tailed push-back design and a new rotatable camera.
The Migratory Bird-3, also called "Dorna," is similar to Israel’s Pioneer drone, with a mission radius of 100 km. The Migratory Bird-4, or "Hodhod," has a flight duration of 5–7 hours and a mission radius of 150 km. It uses a 38-horsepower engine and can carry up to 175 kg. The Migratory Bird-5, developed by Qods, is another key model. The company also produced the "Shekarchi" drone, which resembles Israel’s "Harpy" anti-radar system.
Other Iranian companies, like the Iranian Aircraft Manufacturing Industry Corporation (IAMI), have also contributed to drone development. The "Ababil" series includes both surveillance and attack models. The "Ababi T" is an attack drone with a 45 kg warhead and a unique two-tailed design. It can fly up to 180 km from the control station and is guided by GPS and inertial systems.
The "Ababi T" was later used by Hezbollah in Lebanon under the name "Mirsad-1." It made several incursions into Israeli airspace, often flying low to avoid radar detection. Iran reportedly supplied eight "Ababi" drones to Lebanon in 2004.
In 2009, IAMI began developing jet-powered "Ababi" drones, such as the "Ababi-Jet" or "Hadaf-1," which can reach speeds of around 700 km/h. They also introduced small hand-launched drones like "Ababi A," "B," and "C," each with electric propulsion and limited endurance.
Faraz Asia Technologies also developed the "Fraraz-2," a handheld drone with a high-wing design, 30-minute battery life, and a 10 km video transmission range.
In 2009, Iran announced plans to develop a long-range UAV capable of flying 1,000 km. Additionally, the IRGC claimed to have captured intact US and British drones, including the RQ-7 Shadow and Hermes 450, for reverse engineering.
Despite showcasing many drones, most are still prototypes. In 2007, Iran agreed to supply "Ababi" and "Migratory Bird-4" drones to Venezuela, possibly allowing local production.
Source: *Weapons and Equipment Research Selected*, International Defense Science and Technology Series (2015, No. 5, No. 15), compiled by the China Electronics Science Research Institute.