Compared with traditional wired detection systems, low-power wireless technology is significantly reducing the cost of sensor networks, and provides the possibility of implementing sensor networks that are simply impossible to achieve with wired methods. Low-power wireless sensor network (WSN) standards, especially the grid architecture using time-synchronized channel frequency hopping (TSCH) technology, enables all nodes in the network to work on batteries or collected energy without sacrificing reliability Or data throughput rate. This allows application developers to freely place the sensor anywhere, not only where power is available, but wherever the application requires sensor data. In the field of highly reliable low-power TSCH WSN and energy harvesting, Linear Technology (including Dust Networks Product Division) has been at the forefront of technological innovation. These technologies go hand in hand to provide more opportunities for application developers who deploy systems that require very little battery replacement (if any), thereby further reducing the life-span cost of deploying wireless sensors and stimulating the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) . A study conducted by ON World in 2012 showed that two attributes of WSN are most important to industrial customers: reliability and low power consumption (Figure 1). Cost ranked third in the study results. If reliability and power consumption are not addressed, cost will not be a priority for customers. Figure 1: WSN attributes considered important br》 SaTIsfacTIon: Satisfaction Importance: Importance Data reliability: Data reliability Cost / affordability: Cost / affordability Battery lifeTIme: battery life Dust Networks has been developing TSCH for many years, and customers have adopted thousands of Dust products. Based on Dust Networks ’rich experience, it is clear that the combination of precisely synchronized time slots, channel frequency hopping and ultra-low power radio can achieve power consumption The lowest and most reliable WSN. Because of this focus on low power consumption, all nodes can work on low-cost batteries for many years, and it also provides the possibility of using various energy sources, including energy harvesting power supplies. Low power radio The IEEE 802.15.4 standard provides an excellent radio platform for WSN. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines a 2.4GHz, 16-channel spread-spectrum low-power physical (PHY) layer. Many IoT technologies are built on this physical layer, including ZigBee and WirelessHART. In addition, the standard also defines a media access control (MAC) layer, which is the basis of ZigBee. However, the single-channel nature of this MAC makes its reliability unpredictable. To improve reliability, the WirelessHART protocol (also known as IEC62591) defines a multi-channel link layer based on 15.4 MAC to achieve high reliability (》 99.9%), which is required for industrial WSN applications. In early 2012, a new version of 802.15.4 MAC called 802.15.4e was approved. This MAC includes a multi-channel grid and time slots. The typical power output of an 802.15.4-compliant radio is approximately 0 dBm, and the current range for both transmit and receive is 15 mA to 30 mA. At 0dBm the best-in-class transmit current is 5.4mA, and the best-in-class receive current is 4.5mA (based on Linear Technology ’s LTC5800). Time synchronization enables power saving and channel frequency hopping The original 802.15.4 MAC required that nodes sending information from neighboring nodes in the mesh network always stay connected, while nodes that only send / receive their own data (often referred to as "reduced function nodes") can sleep between transmissions . In order for all nodes in the network to become low-power nodes, the communication between the nodes must be scheduled, and there must be a common sense of time in the network. The stricter the synchronization, the shorter the time the routing node radio must be in the "on" state, which minimizes power consumption. In a multi-hop grid network, the best-in-class TSCH system synchronizes all nodes within tens of microseconds. Once there is a common and accurate sense of time in the network, and there is a time slot schedule for the two-to-one transmission between the nodes in the network, then the channel allocation can be included in the time to achieve channel frequency hopping. Channel frequency hopping reduces interference and multipath fading The wireless channel is inherently unreliable, and many phenomena may prevent the transmitted data packets from reaching the receiver. This situation may worsen as the radio power consumption decreases. Interference occurs when multiple transmitters simultaneously send information on the same frequency. If these transmitters cannot receive each other's information, but the receiver can receive information from all the transmitters ("hidden terminal problem"), then this interference is particularly problematic. People need delays, retransmissions and confirmation mechanisms to resolve conflicts. Interference may come from inside the network, another similar network operating in the same radio space, or from some different radio technology operating in the same frequency band, which is in the 2.4GHz band shared by Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and 802.15.4 technology Is a common phenomenon.
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