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These mouths make circuit knowledge no longer deep
**Single-Phase Power Socket Wiring Regulations**
Single-phase power sockets come in different configurations, most commonly with two or three holes. The two-hole socket is usually arranged side by side, while the three-hole version typically has a triangular shape. Each hole is labeled for identification. The letter "L" stands for live (fire) wire, "N" represents the neutral (zero) wire, and "E" indicates the earth (ground) wire, which is positioned in the center of the three-hole socket. When looking at the socket from the front, the left hole is connected to the neutral wire, the right hole connects to the live wire, and the middle one is the ground wire.
**Leakage Protector Selection**
Choosing the right leakage protector depends on the type of power supply. For single-phase 220V systems, a two-pole or single-pole protector is typically used. In three-phase three-wire systems, a three-pole protector is required. For three-phase four-wire systems, a three-pole or four-pole protector is suitable. The term "level" refers to the number of contacts in the switch, where each contact represents an incoming or outgoing line.
**Core Inspection and Breakpoint Determination Before Burial**
Before burying a conductor, it's essential to check for broken cores. To do this, use a megohmmeter. Connect one end of the wire to the L terminal of the meter and submerge the other end in water. Slowly turn the handle of the megohmmeter; if the needle moves below zero, it indicates a break in the core. To locate the exact breakpoint, use a DG3 instrument. Connect one phase of AC to one end and place the instrument on the ground. Move slowly along the cable; if the lamp goes out, that’s the point of disconnection.
**Method for Judging AC Single-Phase Circuit Faults Using a Low-Voltage Neon Tester**
A low-voltage neon tester can help identify faults in an AC single-phase circuit. If the pen lights up when touched to the live wire but not to the neutral, it indicates a normal condition. If the device is turned on and off, and the circuit is disconnected, the fault is clear. If both ends of the wire don’t light up, the live wire is disconnected. If both are bright, the neutral wire may be broken or disconnected.
**Measuring Conductor DC Resistance Using a Pointer Multimeter**
To measure the DC resistance of a conductor, first select the appropriate range on the multimeter. Adjust the zero setting by shorting the test leads together. If the needle doesn't return to zero, adjust the ohms zero button until it does. Some models require battery replacement and recalibration. Ensure good contact between the probes and the conductor, and hold the probes without touching them with your hands. For accurate readings, aim for the middle of the scale. After measuring, turn off the multimeter and set the knob to voltage mode.
**Estimating the Weight of Wire Per Kilometer**
The weight of a kilometer of wire varies depending on the material and cross-sectional area. The formula for mass is: mass = density × volume. Volume is calculated as the cross-sectional area multiplied by the length. Different materials have different densities. For example, hard aluminum is the lightest at 2.8%, pure aluminum is slightly heavier, and steel-core aluminum cables weigh about four times more. Iron cables are relatively heavy, while copper is around 8.8% and steel strands are the heaviest at 9.0%. Don’t forget to account for sag and lashing, which may increase the total weight by approximately 30%.
**Judging Capacitor Quality Through Charging and Discharging**
To assess the quality of a capacitor, you can perform a simple charge and discharge test. Connect the capacitor to a DC power source. It should charge quickly and then block the current. If you connect the capacitor to a conductor and there is no spark, it may be faulty. A good capacitor will show a brief flash, while a bad one will not. If both terminals glow, the capacitor is likely damaged.
**Calculating Total Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits**
When resistors are connected in series, the total resistance increases. The more resistors you add, the higher the overall resistance. In parallel circuits, the total resistance decreases, and the effective cross-sectional area increases. Calculating the equivalent resistance in parallel requires taking the reciprocal of each resistor value, adding them together, and then taking the reciprocal of the sum. For two resistors in parallel, the total resistance can be found using the formula: R_total = (R1 × R2) / (R1 + R2).