Detailed explanation of the oscilloscope's DDC (digital down conversion) technology

In today’s world, as electronic product designs become more complex and testing requirements grow increasingly intricate, engineers often need to analyze signals not only in the time domain but also in the frequency domain or even across multiple domains simultaneously. This leads to a cluttered workspace filled with various instruments like oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, and more. The complexity of connecting these devices and ensuring synchronization becomes a major challenge. To simplify this process, there is a growing demand for multi-functional instruments that can perform time-domain measurements, frequency-domain analysis, and even joint time-frequency domain debugging. Oscilloscopes are widely used as the fundamental test tools, and integrating advanced analysis functions into them would greatly benefit engineers. Currently, many oscilloscope manufacturers have introduced all-in-one models that combine multiple functions. However, these systems often rely on software-based processing rather than dedicated hardware, which can lead to limitations. For example, in spectrum analysis, the resolution bandwidth (RBW) is inversely related to the signal capture time. A smaller RBW requires longer capture times, which reduces the sampling rate and limits the ability to analyze high-frequency signals. Conversely, analyzing high-frequency signals may result in a larger RBW and lower frequency resolution. Similarly, in vector signal analysis, limited memory and sampling rates can hinder long-term signal analysis. To address these challenges, Digital Down Conversion (DDC) technology has emerged as a powerful solution. R&S oscilloscopes incorporate DDC to enhance performance, enabling efficient multi-domain signal analysis. DDC is a digital signal processing technique that converts high-frequency RF or IF signals to baseband through mixing with a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), followed by low-pass filtering and resampling. This approach significantly reduces the data volume, allowing for faster and more efficient processing. In traditional digital oscilloscopes, signal processing is largely done in software, which can be slow and resource-intensive. R&S oscilloscopes, however, implement DDC in hardware, enabling real-time signal processing and better utilization of memory. This allows for longer signal acquisition times and improved frequency resolution without compromising speed. For instance, in I/Q demodulation, R&S oscilloscopes use DDC to downconvert the signal to baseband, reducing the required sampling rate and enabling the storage of longer signal segments. This is particularly useful when analyzing modulated signals such as those found in radar or communication systems. In spectrum analysis, DDC helps reduce the effective sampling rate after downconversion, making it possible to achieve higher frequency resolution (RBW) while maintaining real-time performance. This is especially beneficial when analyzing high-frequency signals, where traditional methods might struggle due to sampling rate limitations. Overall, the integration of DDC technology in R&S oscilloscopes provides a more efficient, accurate, and versatile approach to signal analysis, addressing many of the challenges faced in modern electronic testing.

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