New energy vehicles have been put on the agenda, solid lithium batteries compared to traditional lithium batteries

At present, the vigorous development of new energy vehicles has become a global consensus for achieving energy conservation, emission reduction, and addressing climate change. Many countries have elevated the development of new energy vehicles to a national strategic level. Countries such as the United States, Europe, and Japan have launched major automotive group plans, including Volkswagen's "2025 Strategy," which aims to launch over 30 electric vehicle models by 2025, targeting sales of 30 million units. Since 2016, major auto powers have increased their support for the new energy vehicle industry. The German government and industry have provided a total of 1.2 billion euros in subsidies and implemented a special purchase subsidy strategy. The U.S. government offered a $4.5 billion loan guarantee to promote the construction of electric vehicle infrastructure and invest in high-energy-density battery development. In this context, by 2016, global sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 2 million, with China accounting for more than 50%, making significant contributions to energy conservation and global climate change. However, the large-scale application of electric vehicles still faces many constraints, such as driving range, safety, and cost. For example, increasing the number of batteries to improve range can lead to increased weight, higher power consumption, and thus higher carbon emissions throughout the vehicle’s life cycle. The price also rises, so the fundamental solution requires significant improvements in battery performance. Tesla's Model S, for instance, uses nearly 7,000 18650 lithium-ion batteries, allowing a range of over 400 km, but its battery weighs 500 kg, and the car costs up to $79,000, which has somewhat hindered its market promotion. A significant increase in battery performance is essentially a major transformation in the battery material system. From the first generation of nickel-metal hydride and lithium manganate batteries, to the second generation of lithium iron phosphate batteries, and now the third-generation ternary batteries, which are widely used and expected to last until around 2020, there is a clear trend in energy density and cost. Therefore, the battery system used in the next generation of automotive batteries is critical to achieving the battery targets from 2020 to 2025. Currently, the term “all-solid-state lithium batteries” is increasingly appearing in various public places in the field of new chemical power sources, and the industry has basically formed a consensus: all-solid-state lithium batteries are expected to enter the market as the next-generation power source. But what exactly is an all-solid-state lithium battery? All-solid-state lithium batteries differ from conventional lithium-ion batteries, which use organic liquid electrolytes. In abnormal situations like overcharging or internal short-circuiting, these batteries are prone to heat, causing the electrolyte to swell, ignite, or even explode, posing serious safety hazards. All-solid-state lithium batteries, developed since the 1950s, use solid electrolytes, eliminating flammable and volatile components, and completely removing the risk of smoke and fire caused by battery leakage. They are considered the safest battery system. In terms of energy density, the U.S. and Japanese governments aim to develop prototype devices with energy densities of 400–500 Wh/kg by 2020, with mass production targeted for 2025 and 2030. To achieve this goal, using lithium metal anodes is the most recognized approach. Metal lithium has issues such as dendrites, powders, SEI instability, and surface side reactions in traditional liquid lithium-ion batteries. The compatibility of solid electrolytes with lithium metal makes it possible to use lithium as a negative electrode, significantly increasing energy density. Table 1 compares traditional lithium batteries and all-solid-state lithium batteries, providing insight into the basic characteristics of solid-state batteries. Table 2 shows how solid-state battery systems can offer solutions for the desired requirements of automotive battery applications based on their own characteristics. From a historical perspective, all-solid-state lithium batteries came before liquid lithium-ion batteries, but in the early stages, their electrochemical performance, safety, and engineering manufacturing could not meet application requirements. Liquid lithium-ion batteries were continuously improved, and their technical indicators gradually met the needs of the consumer electronics market, gaining wider acceptance. From a technological development perspective, compared to liquid lithium-ion batteries, all-solid-state lithium batteries may have advantages such as good safety performance, high energy density, and long cycle life. In recent years, breakthroughs in solid electrolyte materials, especially sulfide electrolytes, have significantly improved ionic conductivity. As a result, all-solid-state lithium battery technology has gradually attracted attention from R&D institutions and large enterprises worldwide. There are several types of solid-state lithium batteries, including liquid lithium batteries, gel electrolyte lithium batteries, semi-solid lithium batteries, quasi-solid lithium batteries, solid-state lithium batteries, mixed solid-liquid lithium batteries, and all-solid-state lithium batteries. Each type has different characteristics and applications. All-solid-state lithium batteries offer several potential advantages, such as high security performance, high energy density, long cycle life, wide operating temperature range, wide electrochemical window, flexibility, and ease of recycling. However, they also face challenges such as low ionic conductivity of solid electrolyte materials, high interface impedance, poor interface compatibility, and high preparation costs. Core materials for all-solid-state lithium batteries include solid electrolytes, cathode materials, and anode materials. Solid electrolytes can be polymer-based, oxide-based, or sulfide-based. Cathode materials typically include LiCoO2, LiFePO4, and other compounds, while anode materials can be metal lithium, carbon-based, or oxide-based. All-solid-state lithium batteries can be divided into thin-film and large-capacity types. Their packaging technology is similar, but the preparation processes for electrodes and electrolyte membranes differ. Thin-film batteries are made by sequentially depositing layers on a substrate, while large-capacity batteries may use winding or lamination techniques. Despite differences in production equipment compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries, the overall process is not revolutionary, and about 80% of existing equipment can be reused. However, the production environment requires higher standards, such as dry rooms, which increases costs. The development of all-solid-state lithium batteries is progressing rapidly, with many countries investing heavily in research and development. China, the U.S., and Japan have set ambitious targets for energy density, aiming to reach 300Wh/kg by 2020, 400Wh/kg by 2025, and 500Wh/kg by 2030. The industrialization of all-solid-state batteries is expected to take 5–10 years, with gradual realization through semi-solid, solid-state, and all-solid-state battery stages.

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