Catering to the ever-changing demands of our patrons, we are offering them a comprehensive range of Hot Dip Galvanized Radiator. These are manufactured as per latest market trends so as to ensure their wide applications in industries. Offered products are highly demanded by the clients for their excellent design, longer service life and durability.
Galvanizing is a way of defending a steel surface from corrosion by delivering a surface coat of Zinc. The process is carried out by dipping the radiator in molten zinc bath which is upheld at a temperature of about 450 degrees.
Hdg Radiator,Oil-Immersed Hdg Radiator,Hot-Dip Galvanizing Radiator,High-Performance Hot Dip Galvanized Radiator Shenyang Tiantong Electricity Co., Ltd. , https://www.ttradiator.com
RFID tag circuit design based on commercial CMOS technology
The RFID market has experienced significant growth, with sales reaching $1.7 billion in 2004 and projected to hit $5.9 billion by 2008. This rapid expansion is fueled by next-generation RFID systems that offer non-line-of-sight readability, enhanced security, and the ability to dynamically update product information. These innovations are finding applications in areas like inventory management, prescription drug tracking, vehicle security keys, and access control systems. A wealth of research and publications already cover the potential of RFID technologies, and the EPC-Global Class 1 Gen 2 standard (also known as ISO/IEC 18006) is expected to drive many of these advancements. The system relies on UHF frequencies and leverages cutting-edge CMOS technology to improve performance through RF/analog and mixed-signal IC designs.
Passive RFID systems operating at low frequency (LF) or high frequency (HF), such as 125 kHz or 13.56 MHz, typically have a limited range of about 1 meter. In contrast, UHF RFID systems operate in the ISM band, usually between 860–960 MHz and 2.4 GHz, allowing for longer read distances—typically between 3 to 10 meters for passive tags. These tags draw power from the reader’s RF signal, which induces an alternating voltage on the tag's antenna. This voltage is then rectified to generate a DC supply, enabling the tag to function. The tag communicates back by modulating the antenna’s impedance, effectively reflecting the signal back to the reader.
RFID readers use various modulation schemes, including DSB-ASK, SSB-ASK, and PR-ASK, with data rates ranging from 26.7 to 128 kbps. Data is encoded using Pulse Interval Encoding (PIE), where different time intervals represent binary 0s and 1s. Standardization efforts by EPC-Global have helped reduce costs by unifying global systems, making it possible to use cost-effective CMOS technology instead of more complex IC designs.
Advancements in process nodes are expected to reduce chip size by up to 20%, further lowering production costs. With the goal of bringing passive tag prices down to just a few cents each, cost reduction strategies focus heavily on improving the efficiency and simplicity of tag design. Passive RFID tags differ from traditional RF communication because they rely on the reader’s signal not only for data transmission but also for power.
In a passive backscatter system, the reading distance depends on the power available to the tag from the reader. The new Gen-2 tags are designed to maximize this distance while maintaining protocol compatibility. The theoretical maximum reading distance can be calculated using the following equation:
Where:
EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
Ptag = Required power for the tag’s antenna output
Gtag = Tag antenna gain
λ = Free space wavelength of the RF carrier
Reducing the reader’s power decreases the energy available to the tag. While this modulation scheme allows for high signal strength most of the time, it suffers from low efficiency, resulting in either a wide channel or a lower data rate.
Each EPC Class 1 Gen 2 tag can receive up to 4W EIRP from the reader. At 950 MHz, a 3-meter distance results in a channel loss of 36.9 dB, leaving the tag with -0.88 dBm of power. Given the low power conversion efficiency (around 20% for rectifiers), CMOS-based tag circuits typically operate at very low voltages, often in the microamp range. To keep costs low and power consumption minimal, passive tags use simple amplitude modulation techniques.
The analog front end of a UHF RFID tag includes several internal modules, such as a rectifier, voltage regulator, envelope detector, loop oscillator, and modulator. These components work together to convert RF energy into DC power, detect and demodulate incoming signals, and modulate the response back to the reader. Simulations using tools like Ansoft Nexxim and Cadence Virtuoso, along with TSMC 0.18-μm CMOS libraries, help optimize the performance of these circuits under real-world conditions.